GPS stands for Global Positioning System, a satellite system that can give your position anywhere in the world. GPS satellites do not transmit your position information, which transmitted the satellite is a satellite positioning and spacing of the satellites your GPS receiver. This information is processed your GPS receiver and the results are displayed to you.
GPS (Global Positioning System) can be interpreted as a way to determine the global position based on certain references. How to determine this position using the navigation system and satellite radio. References used in this case is the World Geodetic Survey datum th 1984 (WGS 84). This GPS system can be used by many people at once and is designed to provide precise 3D position (longitude, latitude, altitude / X, Y, X) and time information in kantiyu around the world. With GPS allows every square meter on the surface of the earth to be given a unique address.
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Tuesday, January 4, 2011
Saturday, December 4, 2010
System RTK (Real-Time Kinematic)
is an acronym that is commonly used for the Determination of real-time position in a differential phase data, To realize its real-time guidance, reference station must transmit data phase and pseudorange it to users in real time using a certain data communication systems,
Reference station dam users must be equipped with the device transmitting and receiving data. Need dicata here that the type and specification of data to be delivered by a system for RTK reference station is given by the RTCM SC-104 format message type numbers 18,19,20,21, da 22 [RTCM SC-104, 1998].
In RTK system, the reference stations sending data menggunakansistem kepengguna with data communications operating in the frequency band VHF / UHF. For that generally required the direct visibility (line of sight) between the reference station and user, where the maximum distance (d).
Reference station dam users must be equipped with the device transmitting and receiving data. Need dicata here that the type and specification of data to be delivered by a system for RTK reference station is given by the RTCM SC-104 format message type numbers 18,19,20,21, da 22 [RTCM SC-104, 1998].
In RTK system, the reference stations sending data menggunakansistem kepengguna with data communications operating in the frequency band VHF / UHF. For that generally required the direct visibility (line of sight) between the reference station and user, where the maximum distance (d).
Wednesday, November 24, 2010
Differential Positioning Method
Positioning accuracy in absolute terms described above, can be improved by using a differential positioning, the position of a point is determined (relative). In differential positioning, the position of a point is determined relative to other points of known coordinates (monitor station).
In the differential method, which is sometimes called a relative positioning method, by subtracting the data observed by the two GPS receivers at the same time, then some kind of error and bias of data can be eliminated or reduced. Elimination and reduction will improve accuracy and precision of data, and further increases the accuracy and precision of the position obtained.
In principle, using GPS location data the same observer with the data used to derive the results. Only in this case from the station reverensi a distance about 140 km is also used to apply relative positioning. that by simply applying the process of data reduction, position accuracy can not be increased dramatically, from 73.8 m (99%) to 7.2 m (99%).
In differential positioning, the types of errors and biases that can and can not be eliminated or reduced by the process of data reduction
The effectiveness of this reduction process depends on the distance between the monitor station de4ngan point to be determined position. In this case, the shorter the distance is the more effective the impact of data reduction, and vice versa. that the closer distance of the reference station (26 km rather than 140 km, the level of accuracy that diperolehpun position is getting better. Besides, it also appears that with more and more satellites are used (the better the satellite geometry) mak tingakat position accuracy obtained will also be getting better .
Finally it should be emphasized here that the differential is penenetuan position positioning methods should be used to obtain a relatively high position accuracy. Position accuracy can be given by a differential method Determination positions ranging from mm-level to the level of several meters.
Determination of the differential position can be applied as well as kinematic ststik using dat pseudorange and / or phase. The main application of differential positioning include mapping surveys, geodetic surveys, as well as middle and high berketelitian navigation. These methods are applied to survey with GPS today, seoerti starik method, static short, pseudo-kinemati, and stop and go, also based on the positioning method is difernsial.
In differential position determination, there are some applications that require real-time positioning information in an instant (real time). To serve these applications currently available are two systems commonly known as DGPS (Differential GPS) and RTK (Real Time Kinematic).
DGPS system is a system that is commonly used acronym for the system real-time positioning in differensialyang using pseudorange data. This system is generally used for positioning a moving object. To realize real-timenya guidance, the monitor station must submit a correction differnsial kepengguna in resl time using sistam certain data communications. This differential correction can be either pseudorange correction (such as RTCM SC-104) or correction of coordinates. In this case, a commonly used are the coordinates pseudorange.Koreksi correction is rarely used, because this correction requires that the sender reference station correction and the observers observe the same set of satellites, where it is generally not always dapt realized in the operational field.
Typical accuracy DGPS position diberikanoleh sisrem this is the range of 1 to 5 m. With that level of accuracy, DGPS system is commonly used in marine surveys.
In the differential method, which is sometimes called a relative positioning method, by subtracting the data observed by the two GPS receivers at the same time, then some kind of error and bias of data can be eliminated or reduced. Elimination and reduction will improve accuracy and precision of data, and further increases the accuracy and precision of the position obtained.
In principle, using GPS location data the same observer with the data used to derive the results. Only in this case from the station reverensi a distance about 140 km is also used to apply relative positioning. that by simply applying the process of data reduction, position accuracy can not be increased dramatically, from 73.8 m (99%) to 7.2 m (99%).
In differential positioning, the types of errors and biases that can and can not be eliminated or reduced by the process of data reduction
The effectiveness of this reduction process depends on the distance between the monitor station de4ngan point to be determined position. In this case, the shorter the distance is the more effective the impact of data reduction, and vice versa. that the closer distance of the reference station (26 km rather than 140 km, the level of accuracy that diperolehpun position is getting better. Besides, it also appears that with more and more satellites are used (the better the satellite geometry) mak tingakat position accuracy obtained will also be getting better .
Finally it should be emphasized here that the differential is penenetuan position positioning methods should be used to obtain a relatively high position accuracy. Position accuracy can be given by a differential method Determination positions ranging from mm-level to the level of several meters.
Determination of the differential position can be applied as well as kinematic ststik using dat pseudorange and / or phase. The main application of differential positioning include mapping surveys, geodetic surveys, as well as middle and high berketelitian navigation. These methods are applied to survey with GPS today, seoerti starik method, static short, pseudo-kinemati, and stop and go, also based on the positioning method is difernsial.
In differential position determination, there are some applications that require real-time positioning information in an instant (real time). To serve these applications currently available are two systems commonly known as DGPS (Differential GPS) and RTK (Real Time Kinematic).
DGPS system is a system that is commonly used acronym for the system real-time positioning in differensialyang using pseudorange data. This system is generally used for positioning a moving object. To realize real-timenya guidance, the monitor station must submit a correction differnsial kepengguna in resl time using sistam certain data communications. This differential correction can be either pseudorange correction (such as RTCM SC-104) or correction of coordinates. In this case, a commonly used are the coordinates pseudorange.Koreksi correction is rarely used, because this correction requires that the sender reference station correction and the observers observe the same set of satellites, where it is generally not always dapt realized in the operational field.
Typical accuracy DGPS position diberikanoleh sisrem this is the range of 1 to 5 m. With that level of accuracy, DGPS system is commonly used in marine surveys.
Wednesday, November 17, 2010
Absolute Positioning Methods
Determination of the absolute position (absolute positioning) is a method of positioning the most basic of GPS was originally planned by the U.S. military to provide navigation services, especially for military personnel and their vehicles. This positioning method, the static and kinematic mode,
With regard to absolute positioning, there are few records to note are:
With regard to absolute positioning, there are few records to note are:
• This method is sometimes also called point positioning method, because positioning can be performed per point without relying on other points
• The position is determined in WGS-84 system to the mass of the earth pust
• To determine the position of the GPS receiver requires only sister, and types of receivers commonly used for this purpose is the type of navigation or sometimes called a type of handheld (hand held).
• Points can be defined its position at rest (static mode) or in motion (kinematic mode),
• Accuracy of position obtained is very dependent on the level of data accuracy and geometry of the satellite.
• Main application of this method is for navigation purposes or other applications that require positioning information that is not too rigorous but available in an instant (real time), such as for purposes of reconnaissance and ground truthing.
• The position is determined in WGS-84 system to the mass of the earth pust
• To determine the position of the GPS receiver requires only sister, and types of receivers commonly used for this purpose is the type of navigation or sometimes called a type of handheld (hand held).
• Points can be defined its position at rest (static mode) or in motion (kinematic mode),
• Accuracy of position obtained is very dependent on the level of data accuracy and geometry of the satellite.
• Main application of this method is for navigation purposes or other applications that require positioning information that is not too rigorous but available in an instant (real time), such as for purposes of reconnaissance and ground truthing.
Determination Method of the absolute position using pseudorange data on the basic principle is a method designed for determination by the management of GPS satellites (DoD, United States). In this case there are two levels of accuracy provided by GPS, which is called SPS (Standard Positioning Service) and PPS (Precise Positioning Service).
SPS is the standard of service provided by GPS in general to anyone at no charge, assuming the use of code-C / A. Given level of accuracy is the precision arrives been deliberately reduced by applying the wisdom of Selective Availability (SA). Typical position accuracy level given in this case is about 100 m (horizontal) with 95% confidence level. While PPS is dikhusukan service to the United States military as well as parties are permitted, through the use of P-code contained on 2 frekuens, L1 and L2. Besides, this PPS also has characteristics of anti-jamming (stronger signal), anti-spoofing, and free from the influence of SA. Given level of accuracy in this case is approximately 21 m (horizontal) with 95% accuracy level.
The level of accuracy can be dramatically improved by using differential positioning method (differential positioning) and also the phase of observation data.
In determining the absolute position on a epok using pseudorange, there are four parameters that must be determined / estimated as follows: • The parameter coordinates (X, Y, Z) • GPS receiver clock error parameter.
Therefore, to determine the absolute position on a epok using pseudorange data required minimum distance of four observation satellites fruit.
Accuracy parameter = DOP x Accuracy pseudorange
In the relationship above, DOP (dilution of precision) is a number that is used to reflect the power of a strong satellite geometry (both), and a great price DOP indicates poor satellite geometry (bad). Based on the estimated parameters, known for several types of DOP, namely:
GDOP = Geometrical DOP (position and wakktu-3D),
PDOP = Positional DOP (position-3D),
HDOP = Horizontal DOP (horizontal position),
VDOP = Vertical DOP (height), and
TDOP = Time DOP (time).
SPS is the standard of service provided by GPS in general to anyone at no charge, assuming the use of code-C / A. Given level of accuracy is the precision arrives been deliberately reduced by applying the wisdom of Selective Availability (SA). Typical position accuracy level given in this case is about 100 m (horizontal) with 95% confidence level. While PPS is dikhusukan service to the United States military as well as parties are permitted, through the use of P-code contained on 2 frekuens, L1 and L2. Besides, this PPS also has characteristics of anti-jamming (stronger signal), anti-spoofing, and free from the influence of SA. Given level of accuracy in this case is approximately 21 m (horizontal) with 95% accuracy level.
The level of accuracy can be dramatically improved by using differential positioning method (differential positioning) and also the phase of observation data.
In determining the absolute position on a epok using pseudorange, there are four parameters that must be determined / estimated as follows: • The parameter coordinates (X, Y, Z) • GPS receiver clock error parameter.
Therefore, to determine the absolute position on a epok using pseudorange data required minimum distance of four observation satellites fruit.
Accuracy parameter = DOP x Accuracy pseudorange
In the relationship above, DOP (dilution of precision) is a number that is used to reflect the power of a strong satellite geometry (both), and a great price DOP indicates poor satellite geometry (bad). Based on the estimated parameters, known for several types of DOP, namely:
GDOP = Geometrical DOP (position and wakktu-3D),
PDOP = Positional DOP (position-3D),
HDOP = Horizontal DOP (horizontal position),
VDOP = Vertical DOP (height), and
TDOP = Time DOP (time).
Sunday, November 14, 2010
Method Of Determining Position
Based on the mechanism of its application, the GPS positioning methods can be grouped over several methods, namely: absolute, differential, and real time Kinematic.
Thursday, October 7, 2010
GPS Position Accuracy
Position accuracy obtained with GPS observations in general will depend on several factors namely:
- Quality GPS Receiver
- Number of satellites
- Old observations
- positioning methods used (absolute and differential positioning, Kinematic, etc.)
- Data Processing Strategy (Rial time & post processing, etc.)
Saturday, September 4, 2010
HOW GPS WORK?
Each satellite transmits two signals, namely L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz). L1 signal is modulated with two pseudo-random signal that is the code P (Protected) code and C / A (coarse / Acquisition). L2 signal only bring the code P. Each satellite transmits a unique code so that the receiver (GPS devices) to identify the signal from each satellite. At the time of the "Anti-Spoofing" is activated, the code P will be encrypted and subsequently known as the code P (Y) or Y-code
GPS devices that are specific for only civilian to receive the code C / A on L1 signal (although in a sophisticated GPS devices can take advantage of the L2 signal to obtain a more precise measurement.
GPS devices receive signals transmitted by GPS satellites. In determining the position, we need at least 3 satellites for the determination of 2-dimensional position (latitude and longitude) and 4 satellites for the determination of 3-dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude). More and more satellites are obtained, the accuracy of our position will be higher. To get these signals, the GPS device must be open space. If your GPS device we are in a room or a dense canopy and the area we are surrounded by tall buildings, the signal obtained will be further reduced so that it would be difficult to determine precisely the position or even not able to determine position.
GPS devices that are specific for only civilian to receive the code C / A on L1 signal (although in a sophisticated GPS devices can take advantage of the L2 signal to obtain a more precise measurement.
GPS devices receive signals transmitted by GPS satellites. In determining the position, we need at least 3 satellites for the determination of 2-dimensional position (latitude and longitude) and 4 satellites for the determination of 3-dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude). More and more satellites are obtained, the accuracy of our position will be higher. To get these signals, the GPS device must be open space. If your GPS device we are in a room or a dense canopy and the area we are surrounded by tall buildings, the signal obtained will be further reduced so that it would be difficult to determine precisely the position or even not able to determine position.
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